A.G. Edwards Inc. Essays - Primary Dealers, Subprime Mortgage Crisis

A.G. Edwards Inc. Essays - Primary Dealers, Subprime Mortgage Crisis A.G. Edwards Inc. Business Profiles in American Enterprise A.G. Edwards Inc. The industry for securities is undoubtedly an exciting and fast paced industry. This means that brokerage firms such as A.G. Edwards and Sons must always be watching the stock prices on every stock in the market so that they can give their clients maximum profit. When A.G. Edwards and Sons clients do well then in turn so does the brokerage firm. A.G. Edwards Inc. is not the biggest corporations in America, but yet it is still a very large corporation and has great importance in the industry for which it participates. This paper will give an in depth explanation about how A.G. Edwards functions as a cor-poration. Along with competition from the government, banks and other brokerage firms there is also probably the biggest factor involved of interest rates. Interest rates are indi-rectly proportional to the activity in the stock market. This means that when the interest rates fall the market for securities becomes active. This is due to the fact that people want the highest yield on there money and when interest rates are low, investing money into a bank would yield less money then it would have before at a higher interest rate. So people tend to want to put there money into something that will give them a higher yield and stocks are just that. An example of this inversely proportional relationship is always being demon-strated and was demonstrated in the past few years. At the end of 1992 to the beginning of 1993 the volume in most businesses was at record levels obtaining a pre-tax net income for the whole industry of 9.1 billion dollars setting a new record for the second year in a row (Hoovers Company & Industry Database, 1993, p. 1 (Hoover, 1993,p.1)). This trend continued when in the beginning half of 1993 offerings (new business for the com-pany) exceeded those of 1992 (Hoover,1993, p. 2). Examples of this are as follows; more than 700 billion dollars of debt was issued in 1992 and then in the first half of 1993 an-other 440 billion dollars of debt was issued (Hoover, 1993, p. 2). More than half of this debt was due to asset-backed debt such as credit cards and other charges made to credit (Hoover, 1993, p. 2). These debts were included because the debts were more or less sold to banks and other money lending institutions who were more willing to take the risk for the high interest rate. This drop in interest rates did wonders for the brokerage firms involved and also corporations that had acquired debt over the years. The fall of interest rates was great for the brokerage firms because of the increase in business with the publics desire to invest. So the corporations used it to issue off more stock to the public to pay off their debts (Hoover, 1993, p. 2). As if interest rates didnt have enough effect on brokerage firms, there is also the heavy competition that was involved. This competition is not only from other top broker-age firms such as Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Primerica (Smith Barney Shearson), Salomon, and Goldman Sachs, but there is also competition from big banks and securities over seas. Banks have a number of ways to compete with security firms, but the most prevalent and direct is through mutual funds. Since the late 1980s banks have been ag-gressively competing with mutual fund sponsors by issuing there own mutual funds to the public (Hoover, 1993, p. 3). Mutual funds that are issued by banks are now the fastest growing part of the mutual fund industry, with 10.6 percent of total assets and 30 percent of new sales (Hoover, 1993, p. 3). There has just recently been a large amount of compe-tition from markets overseas and this competition continues to increase. There are a few theories as to what has caused so many U.S. investors to invest in foreign markets. It is supposed that it is either individual investors who want to further their portfolio or in-vesting in foreign markets to try and avoid interest rates and changes in currency (Hoover, 1993, p. 4). The investment in foreign markets has also been attributed to technology and the fact that up to date information can be obtained instantly from any place in the world (Hoover, 1993, p. 4). But whatever has caused it global securities have skyrocketed. Before the organization and structure of the company a brief history and explana-tion of the company will be discussed. A.G. Edwards & Sons was founded in

Increasing Atomic Number Doesnt Always Increase Mass

Increasing Atomic Number Doesnt Always Increase Mass Since atomic number is the number of protons in an  atom  and atomic mass is the mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, it seems intuitively obvious that increasing the number of protons would increase the atomic mass. However, if you look at the atomic masses on a periodic table, you will see that cobalt (atomic No. 27) is more massive than nickel (atomic No. 28). Uranium (No. 92) is more massive than neptunium (No.93). Different periodic tables even list different numbers for atomic masses. Whats up with that, anyway? Read on for a quick explanation. Neutrons and Protons Not Equal The reason increasing atomic number doesnt always equate to increasing mass is because many atoms dont have the same number of neutrons and protons. In other words, several isotopes of an element may exist. Size Matters If a sizeable portion of an element of lower atomic number exists in the form of heavy isotopes, then the mass of that element may (overall) be heavier than that of the next element. If there were no isotopes and all elements had a number of neutrons equal to the number of protons, then atomic mass would be approximately twice the atomic number. (This is only an approximation because protons and neutrons dont have exactly the same mass, but  the mass of electrons is so small that it is negligible.) Different periodic tables give differing atomic masses because the percentages of isotopes of an element may be considered changed from one publication to another.

Pina bausch-Radical performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Pina bausch-Radical performance - Essay Example There, she also started giving performances simultaneously. She attributes the solid foundation of her formative career to her tenure in New York. On her return to Germany, Bausch started performing in Folkwang Ballet. One of her early independent choreographic achievements was her creation Im Wind der Zeit, In the Wind of Time, which came first at the Second International Choreographic Competition, Cologne. Then onwards, Bausch went on to become director of Wuppertal Opera Ballet that was later rechristened as Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch. With this new entity, Bausch started realizing her aspirations of reviving Ausdrucktranz. Unfortunately, the political developments and the spread of Nazism in Germany that culminated in WW2 put Bausch’s theatre movement on indefinite hold. Even after the war, theatre remained out of the wish list of Germans for quite some time, reconstruction of the war-ravaged country obviously taking priority. It was not until the early 1960s that a theatre renaissance started occurring in Germany. The war and its devastation had had a very telling effect on the collective psyche and all the suppression and frustration was waiting to vent itself out in the form of renewed creative energy. In terms of theatre art, this energy surfaced in the form of a liberated, non-conformist free spirit that was not bound by convention. â€Å"Young dancers felt constrained by the formation of German ballet and American post-modern dance, and rebelled against the Americanization of their country. Some returned to the expressionism of Ausdrucktanz and started to venture into new ground, combini ng it with elements of other arts. Towards the late 1970s, the term Tanztheater, or dance theatre began to be used to distinguish the work of these choreographers† (Tashiro, 1999). Foremost among them was the name of Pina Bausch. And thus, a legend started

Essentials of Political Thought Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Essentials of Political Thought - Research Paper Example During Lewis lifetime, science was just beginning to emerge as the Western world's preferred principal system of thought. Essentially, modern life was beginning to be transformed by technological discoveries that resulted from the developing intellectual activity. Lewis felt that that some attitudes were absolutely fundamental to the existence of man while others were essentially false. He scoffed at the emerging popular belief that moral values could be said to be subjective; and that they could evoke different responses from different people- all of which were right in their own settings. Lewis also differed with schoolteachers who disregarded the function of emotional inclinations in favor of practical utilitarian thinking. He would assert that the purpose of education was to stimulate the development of values, â€Å"good† feelings, and thoughts in students while concurrently curbing the development of â€Å"bad† ones. John Dewey (1859-1952) held completely differen t thoughts from Lewis in the importance of moral absolutes. He stated that in life, real truth is not something that really exists and that any theory that will be referred to as truth has to be experimentally determined. Dewey claimed that in life, no theory or object can be said to be inherently evil or inherently good; it is merely a person's choice on how to view the theory or object that makes it seem either good or bad. Dewey also asserted that nothing can be said to be more valuable than another thing. He would claim that morality is mainly situational, and that even religious beliefs ought to be examined scientifically, and that change in belief is inevitable and desirable. He also rejected subjected to scientific evaluation before they can be verified as fact. Dewey, himself, believed in the truth of organic evolution. He held that man was essentially a sophisticated type of animal that could not be said to have any inner being or claim to immortality in the afterlife. For him, the non-physical aspects of man amounted to being little more than a sophisticated habit system. Dewey would further state that human beings are not naturally selfish or depraved, but are conditioned to behave as they do- whether badly or well, by their environment. Owing to the fact that C. S. Lewis felt that the Western world was engaged in rejecting the biblical statutes that determined the existence of objective wrong and right, and believed that once these principles were presented to school children as being real truths there would be a collapse of society, he defended the tradition of natural law in his famous text, 'The Abolition of Man'. His objective was the salvation of Western civilization (Lewis, 5). For Lewis, the beginning of false teachings was initiated by the 18th century Enlightenment when the West was transformed by the most disastrous cultural transition, which he would aptly name the â€Å"un-christening of Europe† or the â€Å"post-Christian† age (Lewis 6). Demoralized by the changes he saw, Lewis stated, "Until the modern era, no eminent thinker would ever presume to doubt that our value based judgments were logical and practical or that what they stated was objective. The modern perspective is quite different; and does not believe in the veracity of value judgments" (Lewis 7). In his arguments, Lewis categorically stated that there is an existing and unassailable universal moral order, and that every

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Banking is an essential industry that affects the welfare of all other industry and the economy as a whole. In fact, growth and development of a country significantly depend on the level of growth and development attempted by the banking sector. There is a consensus regarding the positive role played by the financial sector in promoting economic development (Gerschenkron, 1962; Patrick, 1966; Galbis, 1977). In Bangladesh, banking sector has flourished a lot compared to other sectors of the economy. But the role of this key sector in national development is not satisfactory. There is not only an extremely strong capital stock but the rate of capital formation is also very meager. The current rates of domestic savings and investments as a % of GDP are 20.2 and 24.4% respectively (Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2004-05). In the past, the rate of savings and investment were much lower than the present rate. Therefore, development plans of Bangladesh have been largely aid development. Between 1972-73 and 1981-82, aid has financed on an average of 75% of fixed investments and the lions share of the development budget (ERD). Under these Circumstances, internal resource mobilization is an urgent necessity for a self-reliant Bangladesh. Towards this end, banking Industry may play a crucial role in mobilizing community’s savings and channeling the same into the socially desirable sectors of the economy. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in of most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance in a developing country like Bangladesh. The evaluation of Banks performance is a complex process involving interactions between the environments, internal operations, and external activities. In performing this evaluation concerned authorities in the banking sector prior to independence felt for resource mobilization and using the same in the desired sectors. For this reason all the commercial banks were nationalized immediately after independence (Bhattacharjee, 1989). Development of private sector is essential to cope with the challenges of globalization. But considering the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh, extreme privatization, particularly in the banking sector, may not be desired. Because, even though, the number of private banks (local foreign) are increasing and the number of nationalized banks are decreasing, still the NCBs occupy a dominant place in the banking sector of the country and play a pioneering role in capital formation, stimulating the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development and in the overall economic development. NCBs provide loans to productive and priority sectors both public and private covering agriculture, industry, trade and commerce. On the contrary, private banks mainly operate in towns and metropolitan cities and do business with noted entrepreneurs and with the affluent sections of the society; while foreign banks operate only in the cities and do business with the elite section of the society. Hence, this paper focused on the performance of the banking sector in general with a wider lance. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in the most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance for a developing country like Bangladesh. So the study is a demand of the time for better progress towards a developed future. 2.0 Conceptual Background of the Study Performance indicates the degree of management’s success in allocating the sources of the firm’s capital to productive use and is focused in the in the market value of the firm’s capital. Performance may be defined as the accomplishment of the goals which are taken into consideration. The word performance may be the synonym of efficiency in the context of business phenomenon. Many scholars opined that performance of a firm may be considered as the term managerial performance. An evaluation of performance indicates to what extent an enterprise achieves its target. Evaluation is a judgment worth of something and like all judicial matters, it calls for justice, equity and good conscious on the part of the person making the evaluation. It is to be considered an integral part of the management control on a continuous and systematic basis. Performance evaluation is an essential tool of management. It is relevant both in seeking answer to various questions to be asked about area of activities in which performance might be improved. The main purpose of performance evaluation is to assist in decision on two levels i.e. at a lower level. It can be used to inform the day to day decision making of the management indicating how to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the banks in short term. At a higher level it can be used to inform the annual planning and budgeting process in which decisions are taken about the long term deployment of resources and target for achievement. Thus it can be said that performance evaluation means a method under which the performance of an organization is evaluated differently. In Bangladesh performance of banking sector was considered with a very high note from the very beginning. It was felt that new born liberated country will need the performance of banking sector to keep the economy live. In doing so, after the war of liberation, the banks operating Bangladesh(except those incorporated abroad) were nationalized. These banks were merged and grouped for achieving the goal of government and people. With the passage of time the number and types of bank expanded and the area of banking support is also enlarged vividly. For this, study becomes a necessity to find out loop holes as well as areas so that service can be expanded towards all necessary ends. For doing so banking industry plays a pivotal role in capital formation and stimulate the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development. In a sense, healthy banks and healthy economies seem to go together. Therefore, performance of such organizations particularly; operational efficiency, management soundness, productivity, profitability and social profitability are of great concern. An in-depth study to analyze the performances of the banking industry of Bangladesh by applying the most widely used indicators of bank performance could be worth while. The banking industry of Bangladesh is composed of five types of banks viz. Nationalized Commercial Banks(NCBs), Specialized banks(SBs), private Commercial Banks(PCBs), Foreign Commercial Banks(FCBs) and Islamic Banks(IBs) differ in their motives. Different types of banks give priority to different stakeholders. So, performance analysis as a whole can make the industry more creative and more supportive to achieve their organizational goal as well as can help the nation to avoid poverty and learn to lead prospective lives. Because , performance analysis as a whole will bring out all loop holes for back benchers in this sector and allow them with information to go ahead with prospective mentality. 3. Objectives of the Study The broad objective of this proposal is to make a comprehensive analysis of growth, productivity, profitability and performance of the banking industry in Bangladesh and to suggest measures for improving their performance. The specific objectives of the proposal are as follows: †¢ To analyze and compare the growth trends of banking facilities/services and output of banking sector as an industry. †¢ To measure and compare the productivity trends of banking sector. †¢ To compare overall performance of the cross section of banks from various angles. †¢ To conduct an in-depth analysis of the causes of lower or higher levels of productivity and performance (if any) among all banks. †¢ To evaluate existing remittance disbursement system and direct its profitable utilization through proper planning and action. †¢ To suggest the possible lines of actions to improve the performance of various categories of banks. 4. Justification of The Study 1. Literature Review From a detail literature review it is found that a good number of researches were conducted in the field of performance evaluation in banking sector. But unfortunately, Performance Analysis of Banking Industry in Bangladesh as a whole was not conducted. As such the literature review of the following articles, journals and research work compelled me to have a distinct idea that a research of having a complete picture of Banking industry is a demand of the time. As such my literature review found following ideas: Abedin, Roy and Mustafi(1989) in a study titled, â€Å"A Preliminary Note on Measurement of Productivity in the Commercial Banks of Bangladesh,† mentioned that there was a steady growth of bank output during 1975-1988. The output was measured as the volume of working fund handled per employees. There were variations in the levels of productivity of different types of banks. They also mentioned about a falling trend of productivity index of private banks with little variations during 1985-88. In case of Foreign banks they reported a sharp fall of productivity index from 100 in 1985 to 37 in 1986, then a rising trend. The limitations of his study were that he did not considered the social aspects of the Banks. The data on working fund were not comparable with any published data of Bangladesh Bank (BB) due to using the end June and end december figures of every year. The study neither attempts to analyze the causes of lower or higher productivity of banks nor strongly suggests the measures for increasing the levels of the banks productivity. Cookson(1989) in his article titled, â€Å"Productivity in the Banking Industry in Bangladesh† stated that productivity in the banking industry is very difficult to estimate by using available data. He also said that the conceptual difficulties limit comparisons among the banks in Bangladesh. In this paper the author tried to give a proper definition of labor productivity in commercial banking. He pointed out that the productivity of the total commercial banking system was stagnant. However, he took a partial approach for measuring productivity of the banks. In no way it reflected the total productivity scenario of the banking sector. Shakoor(1989) ’s paper on â€Å"Measurement of Profitability in Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† investigated the nature of productivity of four nationalized commercial banks(NCBs) during 1972-86 and that of five private commercial banks (PCBs) during 1983-86. The paper focused on some selected indicators of general productivity and profitability, such as deposits, advances, income, spread, expenditure etc. per employee and per branch. He used some statistical measures such as averages, standard deviation and coefficient of variations both NCBs and PCBs. The other statistical measures like, trend, correlation, regression analysis etc. were not used by the author. He observed that the productivity of the NCBs in Bangladesh had an increasing trend during 1972-86 and the productivity of the selected private banks showed better situation when compared with that of NCBs during the period under study. But, his study had limitations and in no way that reflected the total productivity trend of the commercial banking sector as a whole. Bhattacharjee and Saha(1989) in their joint eff0rt titled, â€Å"An Evaluation of Performance of NCBs In Bangladesh† tried to measure the performance of NCBs for th1973-1987. They analyzed the performance of NCBs on the basis of five sets of indicators. They are: (a) General business measures in terms of total business, deposit, advances, gross income and net profit; (b) Social profitability measures in terms of deposit mobilization (time deposit), branch expansion. (number of branches) and employment generation; (c) Branch Performance Measures in terms of profit per branch, deposit per branch, business per branch and gross income per branch; (d) Employee performance measures in terms of profit per employee, income per employee and business per employee; (e) Profitability measures in terms of rate of profit on equity, profit per unit of deposit and profit per unit of advances. The authors found upwards trends in almost all the performance measures. Besides, inter bank and intra bank variations in performance measures were also observed by them. Observing ‘means’ and ‘standard deviations’ of selected measures in NCBs , the authors reported that the NCBs could maintain the rising trends. They mentioned that in spite of disinvestment of two NCBs and growing importance attached to the development of private banking, the NCBs still played a dominant role in the banking sector. They hoped that achievement of the NCB sector may further be enhanced if due care is taken to improve the existing planning and monitoring system of relative operational performance aspects of thee banks. Abedin(1990) in his book titled â€Å"Commercial Banking in Bangladesh: A Role of commercial Study of Disparities of Regional and Sectoral Growth Trends(1846-1986),† examined the role of commercial banks under the private ownership(1846-1970) in increasing regional and sectoral disparities in rendering the banking services in Bangladesh. He also investigated the part played by the commercial banks under the public ownership(1971-1986) in mitigating any such disparities. In this perspective the author tried to critically examine the growth trends of banking facilities in Bangladesh for the period from 1846 to 1986. This study analysed the impacts of nationalization of commercial banks on different regions and sectors of Bangladesh economy after the independence of the country. The author identified some factors influencing credit deployment such as legal requirements of cash reserve, political pressure on the bank executive etc. There are some other important factors, which should not be overlooked. Such as, motivation factor of the bank executives, job security, honesty etc. The study rightly identified that, regional economic disparities led to the growth of regional imbalances in the distribution of banking facilities. The political economy of the monetary policy and banking was also responsible for this(page 260). To discuss about limitations it can be said that, within the scope of a single thesis, to deal with a large number of issues is neither possible nor desirable. The author admitted that many current issues of banking operations could not be analyzed in this dissertation. It would be more worthy and specific if some of the key issues were mentioned. Chowdhury(1990) in his dissertation titled â€Å"An Evaluation of the Performance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† assessed the overall contribution of the commercial banks in the financial development of Bangladesh. He analyzed the trend of commercial bank’s branch expansion, deposit mobilization and deployment of credit for the period 1972-86. The productivity and profitability aspects of the Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) and Private Commercial Banks(PCBs) for the period 1983-1986(covering a period of four years) were also examined in the dissertation. The study covered all commercial banks excluding foreign and Islamic banks and used secondary data. The study stated that the growth pattern of the financial development and the contribution of commercial banks towards financial development in Bangladesh was not only uneven but also very slow. The study observed that the growth and development of commercial banking in Bangladesh during 1972-86 was not satisfactory. The author observed that the trends of profits, profitability and productivity of the commercial banks, over the entire reference period, were characterized by uneven variations indicating unsystematic and unplanned business expansion of the commercial banks. The study identified that the frequent variations in the ‘burden’ of the commercial banks was mainly responsible for the uneven trends in profits and profitability. Like any other study , the study had also some shortcomings. The post denationalization and privatization period 1983-86 (four years) was too short in comparison to the pre denationalization or nationalized period 1972-1982 (11 years). The period considered (1983-1986 i.e. four years)for the comparative analysis between the performance of NCBs and PCBs was very early to mature. Since the study measured the productivity and profitability performance using single measures such as ratio of net profit volume of working fund, ratio of total income to total expenditure and ratio of total income to manpower expenses, those measures had limits to justify the results. If some additional measures had been used, then the results might be more realistic. So this study has some limitations and inadequacies which are expected to be minimized in the present study. Moniruzzaman and Rahman(1991) made a comparative study of pre and post denationalization periods in the article titled, â€Å"Profitability Performance of Denationalized Banks- A Comparative Study of the Pre and Post Denationalization Periods.† They Observed that the profitability performance of Uttora Bank Limited and Rupali Bank Limited became unsatisfactory after denationalization. But in the case of Pubali Bank Limited, they observed a Decreasing trend before denationalization and increasing trend after denationalization. The limitations of the paper are that, they had taken into consideration a very short period of three years before and three years after denationalization of the two banks. They did not try to find out why profits of those denationalized banks (Uttora, and Rupali Bank limted) were falling. They used the variables like total expenses , total income, net income and total assets only. They ignored other important variables, such as deposits, advances, number of Bank branches, number if employees etc. So the study was very limited and incomplete.

Criminal Sentencing Purpose Essay -- Crime Criminal Justice

Criminal Sentencing purpose There was once a Television show name â€Å"Berretta† and the show theme song said do not do crime if you cannot do the time. That is a true saying, one that should be on every criminal mind why they are committing a crime. Sentencing a criminal for crimes for which they have been convicted of is their due punishment according to the severity of the crime committed. The Courts have for centuries punished criminals according to the belief of the society in which the crime was committed. The belief systems of a civilized society have often dictated the punishment in criminal procedures. In biblical days, the belief system called for stoning for violation of many of the Jewish people laws. In modern day societies, the term â€Å"sentence† is used to refer to punishment for crimes. Sentencing can be further defined as â€Å"the process by which a judge imposes punishment on a person convicted of a crime or crimes.† (Wallace & Roberson, 2008, p. 337, p. 339) Sentencing can also take several forms, some design to avoid jail or prison terms. The concepts that will be discussed are deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution. The general purpose of criminal sentencing is to punishment the convicted criminal for the crimes in which they have committed. However, there are studies that state the intent of criminal sentencing does not always center on merely punishing the convicted criminal. Jo Dixon of New York University â€Å"states the formal legal theory of sentencing predict that sentencing is initially determined by legal variables; the substantive political theory predict that sentencing is determined by legal and social status variables.† (Dixo... ...olume: 6 Issue: 4 Dated: November Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=242575 Davenport, A.U. (2009). Basic criminal law: the constitution, procedure, and crimes (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dixon, J., (1995). The Organizational Context of Criminal Sentencing The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 100, No. 5 (Mar. 1995), pp. 1157-11. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2782274 Lin, T.Y., (2009). Public Interest in sentencing: Deterrence, Desert, or anything Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: Special Issue to commemorate its 50th Anniversary Texas Offender Reentry Initiative. Retrieved December 01, 2010. From http://www.medc-tori.org Wallace, H. & Roberson, C. (2008). Principles of criminal law (4th ed.). Boson: Pearson education.

Puerto peincesa Essay

This Case Study is about Puerto Princesa, Palawan nature based attraction. The case study is being made for having a broader knowledge about their weaknesses, strengths, community, sustainable place, and any other terms relating to tourism. Come up with a hypothesis, methodology, results, analysis and conclusion. Resolve or give suggestion, recommendation for the negative results that will be shown in this case study. Introduction: A tour and research has been done for this case study. Experiencing their place, to feel their place for the case study to be more realistic and having a wider knowledge about Puerto Princesa, Palawan to come up with a possible reccomendation. PUERTO PRINCESA, PALAWAN â€Å"The last frontier of Southeast asia† Puerto Princesa City, a tropical paradise with a bustling urban center perfect for business with leisure trips. Lush rainforests and white sand beaches are simply hours away from the city proper, where a banking and commercial boom has made life easier for workaholics who can never run away from the office. Puerto Princesa, which forms part of the Philippine’s last frontier, is a City rich in natural resources. It is the country’s largest City with a total land area of 253,982 hectares. A chain of mountain ranges runs through the entire length of the City, dividing it into two distinct areas – the East and the West Coast. The eastern side, which is facing the Sulu Sea is characterized by thin strand lines bordered by swamplands, following a series of flat plains to hilly terrain. The West Coast has fewer plains with mountain ranges close to the China Sea, thus giving the City a unique yet fragile ecology. Puerto Princesa’s pride is easily the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River (or Underground River), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. The 8.2-kilometer river, said to be the longest navigable underground river in the world, winds its way underneath a mountain range, through the St. Paul Underground River Cave, and then goes out into the South China Sea. The journey through the cave system alone is 24 kilometers long. The entire area where the Underground River is located is actually a national park and a model of biodiversity. More than 800 plant species, including almost 300 trees, 195 bird species, 30 mammals, 19 reptiles, and eight bat species call this area home. Economic growth: Hypothesis:

International Market Entry Strategy for Hershey Foods Corp Essay

I. Introduction The Hershey Company is famously known for being the biggest manufacturer of chocolates and confectionery products in USA, having hired over 15,000 employees worldwide and exporting their products to ninety different countries over the world. The Hershey Company has several popular brands, some of most notable ones being Hershey’s Chocolate Bar, Kit Kat, Hershey’s Kisses, Reese’s, York Peppermint Pattie, Rolo and Krackle Bar. With the help of these brands, Hershey gained success and popularity, making the company’s net worth over $4 billion dollars. Hershey’s products include chocolates, confectioneries, food and beverage related products such as baking ingredients, toppings etc. The company lives by its mission statement, â€Å"Undisputed Marketplace Leadership† (www.hersheys.com). Hershey continues to preserve a higher position by successfully converting consumer desires into reality. II. Objective It was Mr. Roger Clarke, Vice president Sales of Hershey International, a division of Hershey Foods Corporation, was reviewing the Australian experience. He had a board meeting to attend in a week’s time and had to present his assessment of what the cause of failure had been in Australia. Was it strategic mistake or had implementation been the problem, and what strategy would be appropriate for re-entry. in this case we will try to help how to make the re-entry going smoothly by using the key SCM strategies, tools, best practises III. Literature The International Marketing Entry Evaluation Process is a five stage process, and its purpose is to gauge which international market or markets offer the best opportunities for our products or services to succeed. The five steps are Country Identification, Preliminary Screening, In-Depth Screening, Final Selection and Direct Experience. Let’s take a look at each step in turn 1. Step One – Country Identification The World is your oyster. You can choose any country to go into. So you conduct country identification – which means that you undertake a general overview of potential new markets. There might be a simple match – for example two countries might share a similar heritage e.g. the United Kingdom and Australia, a similar language e.g. the United States and Australia, or even a similar culture, political ideology or religion e.g. China and Cuba. Often selection at this stage is more straightforward. For example a country is nearby e.g. Canada and the United States. Alternatively your export market is in the same trading zone e.g. the European Union. Again at this point it is very early days and potential export markets could be included or discarded for any number of reasons. [pic] 2. Step Two – Preliminary Screening At this second stage one takes a more serious look at those countries remaining after undergoing preliminary screening. Now you begin to score, weight and rank nations based upon macro-economic factors such as currency stability, exchange rates, level of domestic consumption and so on. Now you have the basis to start calculating the nature of market entry costs. Some countries such as China require that some fraction of the company entering the market is owned domestically – this would need to be taken into account. There are some nations that are experiencing political instability and any company entering such a market would need to be rewarded for the risk that they would take. At this point the marketing manager could decide upon a shorter list of countries that he or she would wish to enter. Now in-depth screening can begin. 3. Step Three – In-Depth Screening The countries that make it to stage three would all be considered feasible for market entry. So it is vital that detailed information on the target market is obtained so that marketing decision-making can be accurate. Now one can deal with not only micro-economic factors but also local conditions such as marketing research in relation to the marketing mix i.e. what prices can be charged in the nation? – How does one distribute a product or service such as ours in the nation? How should we communicate with are target segments in the nation? How does our product or service need to be adapted for the nation? All of this will information will for the basis of segmentation, targeting and positioning. One could also take into account the value of the nation’s market, any tariffs or quotas in operation, and similar opportunities or threats to new entrants. 4. Step Four – Final Selection Now a final shortlist of potential nations is decided upon. Managers would reflect upon strategic goals and look for a match in the nations at hand. The company could look at close competitors or similar domestic companies that have already entered the market to get firmer costs in relation to market entry. Managers could also look at other nations that it has entered to see if there are any similarities, or learning that can be used to assist with decision-making in this instance. A final scoring, ranking and weighting can be undertaken based upon more focused criteria. After this exercise the marketing manager should probably try to visit the final handful of nations remaining on the short, shortlist. 5. Step Five – Direct Experience Personal experience is important. Marketing manager or their representatives should travel to a particular nation to experience firsthand the nation’s culture and business practices. On a first impressions basis at least one can ascertain in what ways the nation is similar or dissimilar to your own domestic market or the others in which your company already trades. Now you will need to be careful in respect of self-referencing. Remember that your experience to date is based upon your life mainly in your own nation and your expectations will be based upon what your already know. Try to be flexible and experimental in new nations, and don’t be judgmental – it’s about what’s best for your company – happy hunting P.E.S.T. Analysis for Hershey PEST analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management 1. Political/Legal Analysis – Chocolate producers unable to distribute products to certain countries. – Major issue is child labour in cocoa farms – Mostly affected areas in Africa where child labour runs rampant. – The Chocolate Manufacturers Association (CMA) and the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF) created the Harkin-Engel Protocol, which is an agreement that focuses on child labour practices on cocoa farms in West Africa. – Result opened new channels to export and distribute cocoa to international countries. 2. Economic Analysis – In every year, due to hurricane impact, flood, etc, the price of refined sugar decreased from $0.38 to $0.31 per pound (estimate cost). – This allowed companies to cut retail costs and redistribute the savings. – A lot of waste material is produced, and companies spend thousands of dollars on disposing it. – However, there is a new opportunity born due to recent developments in bio fuel or another energy alternative. – New method of production that can use the by-product of chocolate manufacturing companies. 3. Socio-cultural Analysis – Consumers want a larger variety of chocolates and healthier alternatives to the traditional chocolates. – Dark chocolates provided several health benefits by adding a flavonoid in the chocolate that prevents various cardiovascular problems. 4. Technological Analysis – The chocolate and cocoa industries lack supports of Non-Government Organizations (NGO), which restrict the farmer’s access to business guidance, funding, and continuing education. – Farmers can’t learn new technologies making them less efficient. – This prevents the chocolate manufacturers from gaining cocoa efficiently to create more chocolates for the consumer. Target Audience for Australia Market The primary consumers of Hershey Chocolates include a vast audience ranging from children, teenagers and adults. But mostly, Hershey targets its consumers ranging from age 13-30 years old. The chocolate bar is considered a snack or is part of a daily diet in case of some athletes. The chocolates are available in most grocery stores, gas stations, malls etc. Consumers primarily buy chocolates according to their price. They also prefer if the chocolates fit their health and nutritional requirements, although there is a very low margin of difference between selecting according to price and according to health. S.W.O.T Analysis for Hershey Food Corporation SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT Matrix) is a structured planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a product, place or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective a. Strengths – Hershey has grown from one product one plant to a $4 billion company with various quality chocolates. – It’s a strong brand name and has a strong image. – Hershey was largest candy maker in U.S. with 30.7% market share – And want to expansion to Australia with market share 25% – It is also the largest pasta manufacturer in U.S. with 28.4% market share – World’s largest chocolate plant in U.S., with more than 2 million sq. feet. – Powerful partnerships (Starbucks, Kraft, Coca-Cola etc) – Major profits go to Milton Hershey School for Orphans. Also donates to Red Cross, UNICEF, and Habitat for Humanity etc. – Cooperative with students and professors. Toll free number 1800-468-1714, to access additional information on request. b. Weaknesses – Hershey’s Global market share is very low, around 10% and it happen in Australia – Concern for natural environment needs to be expressed. – Cocoa production rates are rising, and even a small price increase at retail level affects consumer buying. – Poor decision making as company relies on brand loyalty and has reduced advertising expenditure. – Higher price from the competitor make Harshey became premium pricing and the target make segmented. – Insufficient promotion by Hershey c. Opportunities – Potential to expand range of Dark/Sugar free products for health benefits. – Use partnership ventures to create chocolate flavoured coffee products. – Produce cocoa in new areas other than Africa, maybe from South east Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, etc) – Produce bio-fuel and another alternative Energy from the chocolate by-products – Develop environment friendly packaging, recycling industrial waste – China, India and majority of South East Asia are untapped markets and it can be delivered from Australian. d. Threats – Consumer demanding healthier substitutes. – Steady rise in prices of cocoa, milk and sugar. – Main competitors are Mars and Nestle. – 25% of Nestle revenues profits come from coffee. Nestle plays its strengths in international markets. Hershey is more focused on just local markets. – Mars uses extensive marketing and advertising expenditures to gain market share. Hershey just uses product innovations Five forces to growth in Australia 1. Threat for new entrants There is very little threat for new entrants in the chocolate industry because of the current economy, the various differences in products, and the constant need for large capital requirements. Also, since there is a lack of distribution channels and with the strict FDA regulations kept in place for food manufacturers, the threat for new entrants is almost non-existent 2. Bargaining powers of buyers The bargaining powers of buyers increase by two factors: a number of large volume buyers and the buyers’ relatively low profits from the product. But since the industry as so many different products, the presence of different costs, the bargaining power of the buyers is low to moderate at best. 3. Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers has decreased since the chocolate industry is an important customer for the suppliers. But the power is moderate to high since the suppliers are concentrated; there are no substitute products available. 4. Pressures from substitute products The chocolate companies compete with various substitutes that threaten the industry. There are various flavours that are used as a substitute for chocolate. These include vanilla, butter, mint, rose, lemon, etc. Many consumers readily switch to these as they also consider chocolate to be unhealthy. 5. Rivalries amongst competitors Among the chocolate industry, there are intense rivalries amongst the highest competitors. There are numerous strong chocolate manufacturers giving out various varieties of chocolates at different prices, resorting to creative advertising schemes, constantly giving out new products and high quality chocolates to satisfy the consumer needs. Marketing mix Strategy a. Product – The new ‘Hershey Slim’ dark chocolates will have a flavonoid substance added which helps protect the cardiovascular system and is efficient until three hours upon consumption – Produced for health conscious consumers to ensure that Hershey favours healthier alternatives. Hershey will also assure people with health issues such as diabetics, that their chocolates are a safe and healthy alternative. – The core strategy is to reinvent the image of chocolates from being a source of a lot of sugar and calories therefore making people fat and/or diabetic, to an image where chocolates are considered an aid for protecting the consumers from heart disease and enhancing the rate of metabolism, by using flavonoids in their products. b. Price – To keep the chocolates reasonably affordable, keeping current financial trends in mind. – To have a promotion campaign in part with the contest – Currently chocolate bars are priced at $2.50 each. As part of the contest promotion, the chocolate will be sold at $2.00 each. – c. People – Target Audience would primarily be consumers from age range of 13-30 years, particularly health conscious individuals. – The most bought products are chocolate bars, which some consider as a snack, while others as part of their daily diet. d. Place – The chocolates will be available in grocery stores, malls, supermarkets, gas stations, coffee shops, airports, and at the main outlets. |Major Channel Distributors |Secondary Channels | |Supermarkets |Commercial stores (7-11, Cheers) | |Department Stores |Amusement areas (cinemas, parks) | |Pharmacy |School | |Duty Free Outlets |Mini market | |Grocery store |Channel Distributor | |Gas Stations | | |Main outlet | | e. Promotion – The chocolates will be marketed through an interactive contest. Also, some promotional programs could be held under joint sponsorships through gyms/spas. – customised chocolate products for the promotional, corporate, hospitality and special occasions industries Objectives and Strategies a. Product – To reinvent Hershey Chocolates as a health conscious low calorie dark chocolate. – To reassure health conscious consumers to purchase this new product by providing all the necessary nutritional information – Hershey’s goal is to keep each product’s nutrition information up-to-date and accurate b. Objectives – To promote the health benefits of the new Hershey Dark Chocolate – Help the consumers change their mind-set that chocolates are unhealthy. – To spread awareness and increase sales of the product. c. Strategy – To increase sales using promotional materials such as an interactive contest. – Make a new plant for chocolate nearby Australia, to increase the cost and make the price competitive. Example: we can use one of the three proposed strategies. 1. Hershey Dark Chocolate Mascot Strategy – Each chocolate has a code which in the package – Unlocks part of a character. A total of 25 unique parts allowing consumers to create 120 variations of characters. – Customers can go online and create the character of choice online and submit to the contest – Winning character will be the new mascot for the Hershey Slim. Winner will also receive gift vouchers and a 1 month membership to California Fitness Gym 2. Healthy mind, healthy body with Hershey Strategy – In the chocolate packaging are instructions to visit website – Consumers have to play a classic memory game which has five levels of difficulty. – Cards show healthy foods, and Hershey products – Winners who complete the final score under a specific time limit win a one day all access pass to California Fitness Gym 3. Wrapper Cash Strategy – Each Hershey Slim wrapper contains points – These points can be collected under an online account – Purchases can be made from the Hershey shop using these points. – There would be a limit to the number of points one can input per day, per account. – The more you save, the bigger better things you can buy. – Products would mostly include exercise equipment. Possible to buy products at half their retail price using the point system. Reference â€Å"Hershey Co. Form 10-K†, The Hersheys Company, December 31st, 2009. Retrieved January 14th, 2011. http://www.thehersheycompany.com/assets/pdfs/hersheycompany/2009AnnualReport.pdf Lovell, Jeremy. â€Å"Eat More Chocolates and Help the Environment† PlanetArk.com November 7th, 2007. Retrieved January 14th, 2011. Michael et al. â€Å"The Hershey Company – Introduction the World of Chocolate†, 2007. Retrieved January 10th, 2011. â€Å"U.S. Labour Department Funds Project to Evaluate Effectiveness of Anti-Child-Labour Efforts in the Cocoa Industry.† World’s Technology News. October 4th,2006. Retrieved January 14th, 2011. Website – http://www.marketingteacher.com – www.hersheys.com – www.thehersheycompany.com – www.gogle.com

buy custom Body System and Homeostasis essay

buy custom Body System and Homeostasis essay The problem presented on this study will deal on the happening from the standpoint of the cardiovascular system when there is drop in blood pressure as portrayed by Susie when she took a bath and passed out when she stood up. What long term mechanisms will the body utilize in order to maintain a normal blood pressure range? This research will try to explain all body systems that are integral components to blood pressure homeostasis. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium or a tendency to reach equilibrium, either metabolically within a cell or organism or socially and psychologically within an individual or group (Encarta Dictionary 2009). Homoeostasis is not a living thing but rather it is the capability of the physique in maintaining a steady state in organisms (Flint, Devanda March 7, 2012 Homeostasis Blood Pressure eHow Health). The body constantly controls its internal environment despite outside influences. Using various internal mechanisms are used by the body to keep constant control of blood pressure, respiration, temperature and blood glucose measures (Celli,Beth eHow Health). Blood pressure remains in normal limits with the use of rapid or slow mechanisms as the need arises. By working together, its mechanisms will attempt to maintain approximately 120/80 mm Hg. Blood pressure (Celli). Once the temperature rise above its normal range, the reflexes interacts to bring back its steady state hence the body react when there is perspiration and reduced metabolism. Persistent deviation is initiated by the body to do actions such as taking cover when its hot or go for a swimming to keep the body temperature return to normal. Other corrective interactions of the system are also observed following this pattern such as blood glucose level, osmotic pressure and blood pH. These are the usual procedure in homeostasis. Below normal range, there is a sensory input which reports the changes in steady state and effect mechanisms to restore it steady state (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences). One of vital fast homeostatic mechanisms that are involved to regulate blood pressure is called baroreceptor reflex. This is received by receptors working together from the sensory nerves to medulla oblongata as well as the motor nerves. Another rapid mechanism in regulating blood pressure is the adrenal gland in which epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones are secreted. Both of which tend to intensify the volume of blood being pumped by the heart per minute thereby causing the blood vessels to contract. These reactions will help the blood pressure to escalate. This simply means that the sensory nerves activates when sudden changes are notices by baroreceptors. These receptors that are found on the heart walling are activated when baroreceptors notice some changes through medulla oblongata where the message is being interpreted. When the signal is received, the medulla decides to increase or lower the blood pressure. The needed adjustment to stabillize blood pressure is activated by autonomic nervous system through the motor nerves. The autonomic nervous system comprises Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System. Each has their own functions. If blood pressure needs to be increased, the sympathetic nervous system do the work which causes some of the blood vessels to narrow down and increase the volume of blood pumped thereby increasing the blood pressure. If the blood pressure needs to be decreased, the parasympathetic nervous system is signaled by medulla oblongata to lower the blood pressure. The parasympathetic nerves will make the blood vessels either to expand or open to decrease resistance leading to lessen blood pressure.There are also mechanisms which deal with long-term limitation of blood pressure. The most relevant mechanism is the rennin-angiotension-aldosterone. The kidneys are responsible for the secretion of renin and aldosterone going to the bloodstream which causes the constriction of blood vessels. Aldosterone will tend to increase the volume of water and sodium that are bei ng immersed by the kidneys leading to the increase of blood as well as water into the bloodstream. This joint activity will cause the increase of blood pressure (eHow Health). Therefore, a feedback mechanism often gets involved to maintain homeostasis. The body no longer signals the other internal systems once the breathing rate becomes normal again (1997 McGraw-Hill College Division Body System and Homeostasis). Buy custom Body System and Homeostasis essay

Free sample - Modern religious faiths characteristics. translation missing

Modern religious faiths characteristics. Modern religious faiths characteristicsModern religious faiths characteristics Today, millions of people worship various religions around the globe. Two of the major religions in the world are Hinduism and Judaism and they have coexisted for very many years. Whereas they are similar in the way they set their morals and rules, they differ in their believes on the afterlife and on where they started from. While the Jews believe of the heaven as their afterlife, Hindus have a belief that one is reincarnated until he/she reaches the Brahma. Jews have a belief that if one did right in everything while on earth, then they shall expend the eternity in Heaven with their God. Bhaskarananda, 1994 argues that Hindus have believed in Karma which is the faith that if you do good things, then excellent things shall come about to you and vice versa. When one dies in Hinduism, he/she reaches the Brahma where the hurting cycle of rebirth is lastly ended. In Judaism one is supposed to lead a good life and to be kind to each and everyone. If one attains success at this, he/she will lead the whole of eternity in heaven with God. The Jews, adore only one god, who they trust to be the one and only creator and the ruler. Hindus endorse and believe in the Caste System, which is interrelated with their view on reincarnation. Jews necessarily lack this system because they do not characteristically concur with the thought of reincarnation, despite the fact that there are a few, the structure does not subsist as a major thing to this religion. Jews do not have an exact method of steady body discipline, to remain on the unchanged focus as their god, they do something to some extent the same. This is how they pray their God. For Hindus, Yoga is practiced, which is intended to bring their bodies and their souls on the same level and conveys them nearer to the Ultimate Being. According to Hinduism, remaining pure in life and keeping a good karma, as a result of their good dealings on earth is the key to staying a good life. Those who live both socially and morally pure, they get to have their way upwards the Caste System in their after that incarnation. After some reincarnations, the Hindus may accomplish their ultimate goal, which is to achieve faultless peace of mind, and to be one with Brahma. This happens when they have gone through a life having done no mistakes, and have been â€Å"perfect† in essence. In Judaism an individual endeavors to relate well with their god. Throughout their single life that they go through, they have a trust in God, â€Å"both love him, and reverently fear him† (Louis, 2007. Pg 511), and to establish a close relationship with him. This is their supreme objective. When they achieve such, â€Å"They will be rewarded by God, the messiah will come, and the dead will be resurrected† (Louis, 2007. Pg 511). T he religions most likely wanted its faction to believe in these, for the reason that it gave them something to look ahead to, and it presented them with grounds to be good throughout their life. According to Robert in his anthology of world scriptures, the Hindus have a somewhat unique view on death. Someone who dies, if they are not yet entirely pure, they are reincarnated into another incarnation. This helps them continue their path to ultimate peace and unification with the Ultimate Being (Bhaskarananda, 1994). If a Hindu has no black marks on his soul, and is absolutely pure, they may find this ultimate peace and unification. Their soul will no longer remain in a human body/vessel, but will be one with Brahma. The Jewish view on death is that it’s not something to grieve over, because it is all part of Gods plan, so their time of death, even if it may seem untimely, was planned, and timed perfectly. If the person led a good life, they can look forward to a nice afterlife, similar to the Christian Heaven, but not exactly the same. As they all know that a good person is going to a good place when they die, the death of another is not typically a sad occasion, but th ere may be grieving, in which there is a set process so a mourner can slowly return to a normal life. So after looking at both Hinduism and Judaism, which are some of our oldest popular religions, we can conclude that they are both indeed different. They differ a lot in some of the greater points, such as their 3 main focuses of their religion, their goal of life, and their views on death and dying. As we saw though, these could be somewhat similar in that their goal of life was closely intertwined with their views of death and dying. Though, they are typically different, otherwise. This shows that the religions, Hinduism and Judaism, are some of the most differing religions, as well as some of the most ancient. Robert in his anthology of world scriptures informs that Hinduism was started in India while Judaism started in Israel many years later. The Aryans were the first of the Indian people to establish the Vedas which formed the foundations of the Hindu as a religion. Every law that followed as well as the moral standards of Hinduism was founded off of the Vedas. In Israel just about 3000 B.C.E. people started worshiping God, and live according to the teachings of Moses. Torah, their holy book, comprised of various writings that were supposedly prepared by Moses throughout his 950 year life. These books have teachings about the same moral standards such as; don’t kill, steal, or commit adultery. Most probably, these religions started off where and in the way they did, for the reason that the governments required a way to maintain their people in line, so they came up with these standards and rules by which people could live by. While these two religions differ in some way, they have some similarities like in how they have some particular rules that must be obeyed by their followers who must do so to get to Nirvana. Each of these religions has got guild lines that state what one should do to appease their gods or God and how to be a good person. All of these rules and guild lines have been put down in their holy books; the Vedas and the Torah. These religions most probably had rule books to ensure that the people went by the accurate path and carried out the correct things in life so as to get to a happy and eternal afterlife. Judaism and Hinduism have several differences based on their origins and on their ideas of an afterlife, but they also have some similarities in the way they share laid down regulations that their faction ought to live by. These two religions have got a massive impact on the contemporary, for the reason that they are still put into practice by millions of people across the globe. They educate people how to lead truthful life, and how to be good to other people while they live on Earth. All interviews were done in person with two active members of Judaism and Hinduism. The chosen members are all youthful followers of the two religions respectively. The Hindu is a young man of age 24 years, single, staunch follower of Hinduism as a religion and studying in an American university. Here below are the questions I asked and responses from the young man: 1) What is your religious denomination? Well, I am a part of the Hinduism religion. 2) For how long have you practiced Hinduism? I was born into Hinduism as I was born in India. 3) State three tenets of your religion? The three I can think of off the top of my head is Brahmin, Brahna, and Reincarnation. 4) Who was the founding father Hinduism? The founder of my religion is not known and even the date it started is also not known. 5) What do you love about your religion? I love the fact that my religion is very old. The Orthodox Judaism is a university male student, 23years of age, single, and not a strong follower of Orthodox Judaism as a religion. My face-to-face interview with him ensued into the following discussion: 1) What is your religious denomination? Well, I am an Orthodox Judaism. 2) What is the difference between Christianity and Judaism? In Christianity Jesus is worshiped as the messiah, while Judaism doesn't. Also, Judaism believes in the Old Testament while Christianity believes in the New Testament. 3) Do you people believe that Jesus really existed or do you believe that his being was fictionalized? Our belief is that Jesus existed. In fact, Jesus was a Jew himself! 4) You just decide not to worship him? There is no reason for us to worship Jesus, who is just another man. Actually we are taught that he wasn’t such a good man. 5) So what you mean is that Mary the virgin was not actually a virgin? Hehe! Hehe, that’s not what I was getting to. I really know little about Jesus, but I know of him to do very un-Jew-like dealings. I don’t want to offend you man, so I am avoiding getting into so much detail about Jesus. Works cited: Bhaskarananda, Swami. â€Å"The Essentials of Hinduism: a comprehensive overview of the world's oldest religion† Seattle, WA: Viveka Press, 1994. Louis. "Judaism." In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 (2d Ed.). Farmington Hills,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mich.: Thomson Gale.2007, p. 511. Mary Pat Fisher, Living Religion 7TH edition Robert E. Van Voorst, Anthology of World Scriptures 8th Edition Jacobs,

Discussion on the 'neutrality of money' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discussion on the 'neutrality of money' - Essay Example Most schools agree on the long term neutrality of money, and the short term non-neutrality due to stickiness of wages among other factors. However, the schools differ in their theories of money and variables and policies that affect money demand and supply and other macroeconomic variables. Quantity theory of money The classical school of economists developed the quantity theory of money, which basically meant that the price level in the economy is dependent on the money supply. According to this theory inflation is caused by an increase in money supply. According to the theory that national income equals national expenditure the equation of the quantity theory is MV=PY, with V being the velocity of circulation, meaning the number of times in a year a unit of money is spent on buying goods and services, M being money supply, P being the price level and Y the national income. Classical economists through this theory asserted the neutrality of money by claiming that Y and V are exogeno us factors and unaffected by the money supply with V being constant, thus P and M are directly related and changes in money supply would only affect the prices and not output. (Sloman, 1999) Keynes (1936) rejected the quantity theory of money by asserting that a rise in money supply may not necessarily lead to a rise in the price level. This may be due to the fact that the entire increase in money supply may not be spent and may just stay in bank accounts. The Keynesians claim the velocity of circulation is inversely proportional to M and thus the V in the equation may not be a constant. An increase in money supply may lead to an increase in output if there are unemployed resources in the economy. Thus an increase in the money supply can lead to an increase in Y, provided that the economy is not at full employment and not increase prices greatly. Similarly, a decrease in money supply could lead to a decrease in output and thus income causing a decrease in Y. According to Keynes, dem and creates supply and not the other way round, which the Classical school believed. (Graham Sahaw, 1997) Milton Freidman was one of the most vociferous critics of the Keynesians, and brought back the quantity theory of money. According to him, inflation was anywhere and everywhere a monetary phenomenon based on his historical research. According to monetarists, any increase in money supply faster than an increase in output will lead to an increase in inflation. They asserted that V and Y are independent of the money supply and thus money supply will only affect prices and not income or velocity. According to the monetarists, an increase in money supply will increase prices along with employment and output in the short run, but as the economy adjusts to new prices and wages, in a couple of years output and income will adjust downward and the real effect of the increase in money supply will be inflation and vice versa with a decrease in money supply. (D.Mizen, 2000) The new classical theorists put forth the theory of rational expectations, which asserts that markets clear quickly and expectations adjust instantly to market changes. This theory assumes that people are aware of economic conditions and adjust their expectations accordingly. Thus, money is neutral in the short term as well as the long term, as expanding money supply will automatically lead to higher expectations of inflation and in turn

Governance (Sport) Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Governance (Sport) - Literature review Example According to the definition provided by World Bank governance can be defined as â€Å"structures, functions, process and organizational traditions that have been put in place within the context of a program’s authorizing environment† (Du Plessis, Hargovan & Bagaric, 2010). The definition implies that the program must be created in such a manner which ensures that the objectives of the organization are met in an effective and transparent manner. From these above definition it can be summarized that the primary function of governance is to guarantee that every member related to the organization performs their roles and responsibilities in a coordinated manner that maximizes coherence and accomplishes organizational goals. It is also implied that governance aims to achieve ethical implementation of business functions. Governance aims to provide overall direction to the business by overseeing and supervising actions of management. Governance makes sure that expectations of accountability are satisfied and interest beyond the corporate group is regulated. The agency theory of corporate governance emerged in the 1970’s and has been cited as the central theory of management behaviour in a number of scholarly articles. The core agency theory does not consider issues of management, internal and external issues of stakeholders of and the society at large. Agency theory highlights the alignment of interest between the shareholders and board members. According to researchers like Fama and Jensen (1983) there exists asymmetric information between executive management (who are agents) and claimants (who are principals). Therefore the main focus of the agency theory is to minimize the clash between shareholders and governing bodies of organizations. It has been observed that in agency theory directors or executive management tries to appropriate the value for them and it is extremely difficult for the shareholders to examine whether the directors are